Pleistocene Ungulate Bone Fragment
Indeterminate large mammal (cf. Bison, Bos, or Equus) • Body fossil; vertebrate cortical bone fragment
Geological Period
Quaternary Period, Pleistocene Epoch
Estimated Age
0.01 to 2.5 million years
Preservation Type
Sub-fossilization through mineralization; partially permineralized with calcium carbonate or phosphate
Condition Assessment
Fair; a weathered fragment without articular ends, showing longitudinal desiccation cracks
Taxonomic Classification
Phylum: Chordata, Class: Mammalia, Order: Artiodactyla or Perissodactyla
Morphological Description
A dense cortical bone fragment showing a smooth, slightly weathered periosteal surface. The cross-section reveals trabecular (spongy) bone structure on the interior. The specimen appears to be a portion of a diaphysis (shaft) from a long bone. A small protuberance on the right may represent a partial muscle attachment site or articular process.
Rock Matrix
No original matrix attached; surface indicates it was likely recovered from fluvial gravels, alluvium, or loess deposits
Formation & Location
Commonly found in Pleistocene river terrace deposits (e.g., North America, Europe, or Siberia)
Size & Dimensions
Approximately 4-6 cm in length; consistent with mid-sized to large megafauna
Value & Rarity
Estimated Market Value
$5 - $20 USD
Auction Estimate
$10 - $30 USD (typically sold in bulk study lots)
Rarity Assessment
Common; such fragments are frequently found in Ice Age gravel pits and riverbanks
Scientific Significance
Provides regional evidence of Pleistocene megafauna presence and paleoenvironmental conditions, though limited due to lack of diagnostic articular surfaces
Preparation Recommendations
Consolidate with a reversible polymer like Paraloid B-72 if flaking occurs; store in a low-humidity environment to prevent salt crystallization
Notable Features
Features a classic 'river-worn' patina and visible internal osteon structures on the broken edges